Here’s How UP Physicists are Helping with the Hunt for Gravitational Waves

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A black hole inside an accretion disk. (Photo credit: BoliviaInteligente on Unsplash)

In 1916, Albert Einstein theorized that two merging black holes create ripples in the spacetime fabric, similar to how a pebble creates ripples in a pond. These ripples, called gravitational waves, stretch and squeeze spacetime in amounts so minuscule that they were once believed to be too faint to detect.

But a century later, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) in the US, an L-shaped facility with arms spanning four kilometers each, detected minute discrepancies in how long lasers travel through each arm, signaling the first detection of gravitational waves.

Now, scientists are preparing to launch a more sophisticated observatory into space, aiming to detect even fainter gravitational waves or those beyond LIGO’s capabilities. This space-based facility, known as the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna or LISA, is a triangular observatory with sides spanning tens of millions of kilometers and is set to launch in the 2030s.

As preparation ramps up, scientists around the world are pitching ideas to improve LISA’s detection capabilities. Dr. Reinabelle Reyes and her former graduate student Marco Immanuel Rivera, from the UP Diliman College of Science’s National Institute of Physics (UPD-CS NIP) recently published a study identifying a set of parameters that could improve the analysis of signals coming from LISA and future gravitational-wave observatories.

Unlike LIGO, which mainly detects gravitational waves coming from two stellar-mass black holes, LISA hopes to detect a type of gravitational wave coming from compact objects – such as neutron stars, white dwarfs, and stellar-mass black holes – orbiting supermassive black holes. “When a stellar-mass black hole orbiting a supermassive black hole falls into it, an extreme-mass ratio inspiral (EMRI) gravitational-wave signal is produced,” Dr. Reyes and Rivera explained.

One complication with detecting EMRIs is that the environment where the compact object-black hole pair resides can considerably affect the EMRIs they emit. For example, supermassive black holes are often surrounded by glowing rings called accretion disks, which can modify the EMRI signal just as the Earth’s atmosphere distorts light from faraway stars.

By understanding how these environmental features affect EMRIs, astronomers can not only filter out noise from the signal but also learn about the environment itself. For instance, by studying the imprints of the environment on the gravitational wave signal, astronomers can infer the density of the accretion disk.

Their study considered three environmental factors that may substantially influence the EMRI signal: accretion, gravitational drag, and gravitational pull. Their analysis determined the most measurable parameter combination, which is heavily dominated by these environmental effects. They also estimated how precisely these parameters can be measured—an essential factor for extremely sensitive detectors like LISA.

Their analysis is built upon a mathematical tool called the Fisher matrix, which evaluates how accurately an experiment can measure different observables. To illustrate, imagine a catch basin designed to collect water, rocks, and leaves. The Fisher matrix determines and quantifies how effectively the basin can catch each object separately, even before the experiment is set out.

“The Fisher matrix is used by astrophysicists to estimate the expected precision to which certain properties can be measured from a given signal to be observed in a future detector,” explained the authors.

While their study shows promise, Dr. Reyes and Rivera noted that modeling EMRIs is challenging due to strong gravity effects, and more accurate modeling is needed. “It will be interesting to compare with calculations based on the newer waveform models which are adapted for EMRIs, as well as those which contain the effects of non-trivial environments,” the authors said.

“In the future, we hope to see how the parameter combinations we presented in this study can be applied directly in improving parameter estimation methods used in gravitational-wave astronomy, such as stochastic samplers,” the authors concluded.



By Harvey Sapigao

SM City Baguio's rainwater treatment facility: A model for water sustainability

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SM City Baguio is making significant strides in water stewardship with its innovative rainwater treatment facility (RTF), launched in July 2023. In the months since, the facility has already processed over 17,111.80 cubic meters of rainwater – equivalent to 7 Olympic-size swimming pools, or enough to fill over 6,800 standard water tankers – into potable water for the SM mall’s operations and for their lessees’ use. 

SM City Baguio's groundbreaking rainwater treatment facility has treated over 17,000 cubic meters of rainwater into drinkable water.

This initiative supplements the mall's water supply from the Baguio Water District and significantly contributes to the city's water security and the safety of its residents. Located at the mall’s basement level, the RTF provides 30% of the mall’s total monthly average requirement for clean water that is safe for consumption and food preparation. 

"There is a critical need for reliable and safe water sources," said Baguio City Mayor Benjamin Magalong. "And SM City Baguio's rainwater treatment facility is a commendable initiative that directly addresses this need. We hope that other private establishments can adopt similar projects for the efficient use of our water resources."

The RTF utilizes a meticulous six-step treatment process, with equipment monitored and parameters checked in real time to ensure optimal performance. The processed water undergoes regular testing by the city’s accredited testing facility and consistently passes all water potability standards.

The rainwater treatment facility (RTF) of SM City Baguio utilizes a rigorous six-step treatment process with real-time monitoring, ensuring processed water always adheres to potability requirements.

"This facility is a testament to SM Prime Holdings' commitment to sustainable operations and to the well-being of the communities we serve," said Engr. Liza Silerio, SM Supermalls’ Vice President and Sustainability and Resilience Head. "By maximizing rainwater harvesting and treatment, we are not only reducing our reliance on the city's water supply but also contributing to a healthier and more resilient Baguio City."

The impact of the RTF extends beyond the mall itself. With reduced reliance on the city's water supply, water haulers have been able to service more households, particularly during periods of water scarcity experienced throughout the city.

SM City Baguio's rainwater treatment facility stands as a shining example of how businesses can play a vital role in addressing critical community needs through innovative and sustainable solutions.

SM Prime remains committed to its role as a catalyst for economic growth, delivering innovative and sustainable lifestyle cities, thereby enriching the quality of life of millions of people. SM Prime is pursuing the next horizon in integrated property development and onward to building sustainable cities of the future. 

SM Prime: Engineering a sustainable future

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SM Prime leads the way in sustainable development, integrating sustainability into its core business strategy.

Sustainability has become a driving force across every industry. For SM Prime Holdings, Inc. (SM Prime), one of Asia’s leading integrated property developers, sustainability is elevated through a strategic framework that leverages the company’s extensive operations, significant economic impact, and cultural influence.

SM Prime’s sustainability journey began in the 1990s, guided by a focus on resilience and practicality. The company has always valued substance over style, favoring strategies grounded on real-world application rather than flashy, short-term fixes.  Its strategy is built on what truly matters to the business and the community it serves, ensuring that its sustainability efforts are both effective and enduring.

In its 2023 Annual Integrated Report, SM Prime introduced its Sustainability Ambition Roadmap with a clear and powerful message: Together for a sustainable future – aligned with its vision of creating and managing innovative, sustainable, and integrated property developments that enhance the quality of life for all.

SM Prime’s sustainability strategy is built on three main goals: (1) Environmental sustainability, (2) Prosperity for all, and (3) Climate resilience.

Building on its sustainability framework of Economy, People, Planet, and Community, SM Prime identified three major goals to pursue: Environmental sustainability, Prosperity for all, and Climate resilience – all aimed to create a future marked by sustainability, resilience, and widespread prosperity by 2030, 2040, and beyond.

Under its environmental sustainability strategy are two significant programs released by the company:  Net Zero by 2040 and #SMWasteFreeFuture.

Net Zero by 2040

SM Prime is committed to enhancing people’s quality of life by intensifying climate action, reducing disaster risks, investing in resilient design, protecting biodiversity, and implementing strategic corporate social responsibility programs, with its main focus on climate action toward a net-zero business. The company has been collaborating with the World-Wide Fund (WWF) for Nature-Philippines to establish science-based targets in alignment with the global commitment of a net-zero ambition by 2050.

“We understand the magnitude of the challenges we face to achieve our Net-Zero commitment. SM Prime is determined to take action and meet its climate commitments. This is one of our top agendas in sustainability,” said Jeffrey C. Lim, SM Prime President and CEO.  

SM City Santa Rosa's solar photovoltaic (PV) system has 5,772 panels at 3.088 MWp capacity and has an annual solar energy production of up to 4.292GWh.

#SMWasteFreeFuture

SM Prime launched its vision for an #SMWasteFreeFuture, in support of the United Nations Environment Programme’s (UNEP) International Day of Zero Waste. The program introduces a simple segregation scheme: Recyclable, Disposable, and Compostable (RDC), all aimed at reducing overall waste generation and increasing the waste diversion rate from landfills through sustainable disposal methods. The initiative was launched nationwide for SM employees and across all SM property groups and stakeholders.

SM Prime continues to support existing programs and partnerships that promote better waste management solutions. Initiatives such as SM Supermalls’ Trash-to-Cash recycling market, Plastic Waste Collection and E-Waste Collection programs, and regular coastal and estero clean-up activities effectively engage the community in rethinking their relationship with waste.

To address food waste, SM Hotels and Convention Corporation (SMHCC) has pioneered projects such as The Sustainable Diner with WWF-PH, diverting 198,640 kg of food waste through bokashi composting and 40,013 kg through biodigesters. SMHCC also launched Tela Tales, a program that recycles condemned linens. 

SM Prime gathers the community for a #SMWasteFreeFuture.

SM Development Corporation (SMDC) recently partnered with Globe and Scholars of Sustenance Philippines for the Hapag Movement, aimed at targeting food waste and involuntary hunger affecting millions of Filipinos. “As a community, we strongly believe in our ability to contribute to solving today's waste issues. We understand that this may seem like a daunting challenge to overcome. However, by joining forces, we can create a world that our future generations truly deserve – if we have the courage to take on this journey together,” said Hans “Chico” Sy, Jr., President of SM Engineering Design and Development Corporation (SMEDD) and SM sustainability champion. 

Water stewardship

SM Prime is committed to water stewardship by implementing innovative water conservation and management practices, ensuring that properties developed are more responsive and adaptable to the changing needs of communities.

Through its sewage water treatment plants, wastewater is processed, preventing contaminated water from polluting local waterways and for reuse. The recycled water is utilized in malls for water closet flushing, air conditioning operations and landscape greening.

SM City Baguio’s Rainwater Filtration Facility addresses water security and ensures a safe and sufficient water supply for the operations of the mall and its tenants.

SM Prime Holdings, Inc.’s Chairman Henry T. Sy, Jr. receives SM Prime’s 30th Listing Anniversary Plaque from the Philippine Stock Exchange’s President and CEO Ramon S. Monzon.

Prosperity for all

SM Prime’s developments serve as catalysts for socio-economic progress, delivering tangible benefits to all stakeholders. Founded by Henry Sy, the company remains committed to his vision of bringing world-class developments to the Philippines. A vision perfectly exemplified through the Mall of Asia Complex which offers a blueprint for future cities that go beyond commercial success to embrace a holistic approach to urban development.

SM Prime celebrated its 30th year as a publicly listed company last July 23, signifying three decades of service and transformative growth in the Philippine real estate industry. 

“True leadership is marked by a solid dedication to collective success. Our journey at SM Prime demonstrates the power of dreaming big and the incredible achievements that follow when you pursue those dreams with determination and hard work.” – JEFFREY C. LIM, SM PRIME PRESIDENT AND CEO